- 1812 - 1870 - English novelist - second of eight children - taught to read by his mother - read books kept in father’s room (Don Quixote, Tom Jones, Robinson Crusoe, etc) - family’s income decreased, so Charles went to work in a factory for six shillings a week - Tied, trimmed, and labelled blacking pots - had trouble with two rough boys who worked with him - slept in an attic - spent Sunday at a prison with his parents who were in jail for not paying their debts - the two years of hardship greatly impacted his writing career - writes of his experience in David Copperfieldand Great Expectations
- 1829 free lance reporter at Doctor’s Common Courts - London reporter at age 19 in 1831 - 1832 very successful shorthand reporter in the House of Commons - 1833 published first book - 1834 newspaper reporter, took on pseudonym “Boz” - Married his colleague's daughter Catherine on April 2, 1836 - had affairs with Catherine’s sisters Mary and Georgina - 1837 the Pickwick Papers - book translated into French and German - became full-time novelist after the success of The Pickwick Papers - first son born in 1837 - 1842 travelled to Canada and the United States (expressed his dislike for chewing tobacco) - 1844-1847 traveled abroad to Italy, Switzerland, and France with family - 1845 debut of Charles’s theatrical company - separated from Catherine in 1858 because he fell in love with Ellen Ternan, a young actress - had poor health due to overworking himself - 1865 Charles and Ellen were physically and emotionally injured in a dangerous train accident on their way back from a vacation in Paris - health increasingly got worse - did many public readings all throughout his year - died June 9, 1870 after a stoke the day before
- Most of Dickens novels were first published in monthly magazines, which was common at that time (1) - Charles first collection of stories were called Sketches by Boz (1836) - Oliver Twistbetween 1837 and 1839 (1) - Nicholas Nickleby (1838- 1839), The Old Curiosity (1840-1841) , Barnaby Rudge( 1841) - A series of Christmas Books followed - A Chrismtas Carol(1843), The Chimes (1844), The Cricket on the Hearth (1845), The Battle of Life (1846), and The Haunted Man (1848) - After his wife’s sister died in 1837, Charles and his wife traveled, around England and eventually to the United States and Canada in 1842 - This lead to the American Notes in (1842) that Charles wrote, which was controversial - Martin Chuzzlewitwas first published in 1843 - Charles traveled to Italy and wrote Pictures from Italy (1846) - Dombey and Son(1846), and David Copperfield(1849) - Charles then started a weekly journal called Household Words, which he would continue for 9 years. - In 1851 to 1860, Dickens lived at the Tavistock House where Charles began to become involved in theatre. - He wrote, directed and acted in many productions. - He worked with Wilkie Collins on the drama No Thoroughfare(1867) - He then wrote the Bleak House(1852-1853), Hard Times (1854), and Little Dorrit(1855-1857). - Charles then bought his last piece of land, where he would live, called Gad’s Hill, near Rochester in Kent County. - Charles continued acting in Wilkie Collins’ The Frozen Deep(1857), playing opposite him was Ellen Ternan, who fell in love and Charles would leave Catherine a year later - In 1858, he set off on a tour of reading his books. - In 1859, Charles created a second weekly journal called, All the Year Round, the same year A Tale of Two Cities. - Great Expectation (1860-1861), and then Our Mutual Friend(1864-1865), followed - In about 1867, Charles had his last reading, in London’s St. James Hall - He died of a cerebral hemorrhage on June 9th 1870 at his home (1)
Works Cited
"Charles Dickens - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss." The Literature Network: Online Classic Literature, Poems, and
- France was in economic crisis while Britain’s colonies were becoming the United States of America - French spinners and weavers lost their jobs due to the cheaper and better textiles imported from Britain - French government in financial crisis - French monarchy fell deeper and deeper into debt. Especially during the Seven Years War. - common people were taxed to cover debts owed to aristocrats and other lenders - in 1788, a hailstorm destroyed crops - 1788-1789 was the worst harvest in forty years - severe winters - many riots took place - the unemployment rate rose - many people were evicted out of the homes they rented - the Church tried to help by handing out milk and bread to those who needed it
- dirty air and water in cities - city residents had shorter life spans than people who lived in rural areas - extremely large population (20 million people) - bread was the staple food for meals - peasants lived in poverty - peasants no longer owned their land, but rented it from nobles or wealthy peasants - to earn money, peasants worked as day laborers, textile laborers, and manual laborers - the peasants were hit with high taxes to pay for the war - prices and taxes rose at a quicker rate than wages
- Dates: 1789 to 1815 - The Revolution began with the ideological and financial causes of the Enlightenment and of the philosophes. - The Revolution was precipitated by the calling of the Estates General of the previous year (the Estates General represented the classes of people in France, and received the complaints and issues of the people) - Marked by the Oath of the Tennis Court, the proclaiming of the Constituent Assembly of June 1789, and the taking the of the Bastille, the Revolution began to reach a critical stage and king Louis XVI fled to Varennes. • The Bastille was a former prison in Paris, that during the time of the Revolution represented royal tyranny. • On July 14, 1789, the Bastille was attacked and captured a mob, assisted by royal troops. • The capture represented the transition of the Revolution from parliamentary to popular status.
- France soon declared war on other European powers. - Shortly after the execution of the king, the Terror began, and the government was under ctonrol of the Jacobins. • The Jacobins were a radical political club, that were first started in 1789 as the “Friends of the Constitution”. - Only with the overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre and his supporters was any order restored after the Terror. • Robespierre was an important figurehead of the Terror. - With the Terror over, the Directory government that had been active during the Revolution was exacerbated by financial and military tension, and it eventually led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte I to come to power. - The Revolution brought freedom and political equality to France, as well as the abolition of feudalism.
Works Cited
Roberts, William J. "Bastille." France: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, European Nations. New York: Facts On File,
Biography:
- 1812 - 1870
- English novelist
- second of eight children
- taught to read by his mother
- read books kept in father’s room (Don Quixote, Tom Jones, Robinson Crusoe, etc)
- family’s income decreased, so Charles went to work in a factory for six shillings a week
- Tied, trimmed, and labelled blacking pots
- had trouble with two rough boys who worked with him
- slept in an attic
- spent Sunday at a prison with his parents who were in jail for not paying their debts
- the two years of hardship greatly impacted his writing career
- writes of his experience in David Copperfield and Great Expectations
- 1829 free lance reporter at Doctor’s Common Courts
- London reporter at age 19 in 1831
- 1832 very successful shorthand reporter in the House of Commons
- 1833 published first book
- 1834 newspaper reporter, took on pseudonym “Boz”
- Married his colleague's daughter Catherine on April 2, 1836
- had affairs with Catherine’s sisters Mary and Georgina
- 1837 the Pickwick Papers
- book translated into French and German
- became full-time novelist after the success of The Pickwick Papers
- first son born in 1837
- 1842 travelled to Canada and the United States (expressed his dislike for chewing tobacco)
- 1844-1847 traveled abroad to Italy, Switzerland, and France with family
- 1845 debut of Charles’s theatrical company
- separated from Catherine in 1858 because he fell in love with Ellen Ternan, a young actress
- had poor health due to overworking himself
- 1865 Charles and Ellen were physically and emotionally injured in a dangerous train accident on their way back from a vacation in
Paris
- health increasingly got worse
- did many public readings all throughout his year
- died June 9, 1870 after a stoke the day before
Works Cited
"Charles Dickens Biography - A Complete Biography on Charles Dickens." Charles Dickens - Complete Works of Charles Dickens, Biography,
Quotes. Web. 11 Jan. 2011. <http://www.dickens-literature.com/l_biography.html>.
Cody, David. "Dickens: A Brief Biography." The Victorian Web: An Overview. Web. 11 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/dickensbio1.html>.
Career:
- Most of Dickens novels were first published in monthly magazines, which was common at that time (1)
- Charles first collection of stories were called Sketches by Boz (1836)
- Oliver Twist between 1837 and 1839 (1)
- Nicholas Nickleby (1838- 1839), The Old Curiosity (1840-1841) , Barnaby Rudge ( 1841)
- A series of Christmas Books followed - A Chrismtas Carol (1843), The Chimes (1844), The Cricket on the Hearth (1845), The Battle of Life (1846), and The Haunted Man (1848)
- After his wife’s sister died in 1837, Charles and his wife traveled, around England and eventually to the United States and Canada in 1842
- This lead to the American Notes in (1842) that Charles wrote, which was controversial
- Martin Chuzzlewit was first published in 1843
- Charles traveled to Italy and wrote Pictures from Italy (1846)
- Dombey and Son (1846), and David Copperfield (1849)
- Charles then started a weekly journal called Household Words, which he would continue for 9 years.
- In 1851 to 1860, Dickens lived at the Tavistock House where Charles began to become involved in theatre.
- He wrote, directed and acted in many productions.
- He worked with Wilkie Collins on the drama No Thoroughfare (1867)
- He then wrote the Bleak House (1852-1853), Hard Times (1854), and Little Dorrit (1855-1857).
- Charles then bought his last piece of land, where he would live, called Gad’s Hill, near Rochester in Kent County.
- Charles continued acting in Wilkie Collins’ The Frozen Deep (1857), playing opposite him was Ellen Ternan, who fell in love and
Charles would leave Catherine a year later
- In 1858, he set off on a tour of reading his books.
- In 1859, Charles created a second weekly journal called, All the Year Round, the same year A Tale of Two Cities.
- Great Expectation (1860-1861), and then Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865), followed
- In about 1867, Charles had his last reading, in London’s St. James Hall
- He died of a cerebral hemorrhage on June 9th 1870 at his home (1)
Works Cited
"Charles Dickens - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss." The Literature Network: Online Classic Literature, Poems, and
Quotes. Essays & Summaries. Web. 11 Jan. 2011. <http://www.online-literature.com/dickens/>.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part 2- French Revolution
Conditions:
- France was in economic crisis while Britain’s colonies were becoming the United States of America
- French spinners and weavers lost their jobs due to the cheaper and better textiles imported from Britain
- French government in financial crisis
- French monarchy fell deeper and deeper into debt. Especially during the Seven Years War.
- common people were taxed to cover debts owed to aristocrats and other lenders
- in 1788, a hailstorm destroyed crops
- 1788-1789 was the worst harvest in forty years
- severe winters
- many riots took place
- the unemployment rate rose
- many people were evicted out of the homes they rented
- the Church tried to help by handing out milk and bread to those who needed it
Works Cited
Smitha, Frank E. "French Revolution." MacroHistory : World History. Web. 11 Jan. 2011. <http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h33-fr.html>.
Lifestyle:
- dirty air and water in cities
- city residents had shorter life spans than people who lived in rural areas
- extremely large population (20 million people)
- bread was the staple food for meals
- peasants lived in poverty
- peasants no longer owned their land, but rented it from nobles or wealthy peasants
- to earn money, peasants worked as day laborers, textile laborers, and manual laborers
- the peasants were hit with high taxes to pay for the war
- prices and taxes rose at a quicker rate than wages
Works Cited
"Chapter 2 Page 1." Center for History and New Media. Web. 11 Jan. 2011. <http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/chap2a.html>.
Kreis, Steven. "Lecture 11: The Origins of the French Revolution." The History Guide -- Main. Web. 11 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture11a.html>.
Historical Events:
- Dates: 1789 to 1815
- The Revolution began with the ideological and financial causes of the Enlightenment and of the philosophes.
- The Revolution was precipitated by the calling of the Estates General of the previous year (the Estates General represented the classes of people in France, and received the complaints and issues of the people)
- Marked by the Oath of the Tennis Court, the proclaiming of the Constituent Assembly of June 1789, and the taking the of the Bastille, the Revolution began to reach a critical stage and king Louis XVI fled to Varennes.
• The Bastille was a former prison in Paris, that during the time of the Revolution represented royal tyranny.
• On July 14, 1789, the Bastille was attacked and captured a mob, assisted by royal troops.
• The capture represented the transition of the Revolution from parliamentary to popular status.
- France soon declared war on other European powers.
- Shortly after the execution of the king, the Terror began, and the government was under ctonrol of the Jacobins.
• The Jacobins were a radical political club, that were first started in 1789 as the “Friends of the Constitution”.
- Only with the overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre and his supporters was any order restored after the Terror.
• Robespierre was an important figurehead of the Terror.
- With the Terror over, the Directory government that had been active during the Revolution was exacerbated by financial and military tension, and it eventually led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte I to come to power.
- The Revolution brought freedom and political equality to France, as well as the abolition of feudalism.
Works Cited
Roberts, William J. "Bastille." France: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, European Nations. New York: Facts On File,
Inc., 2004. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=FRA0136&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 11, 2011).
Roberts, William J. "Directory." France: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, European Nations. New York: Facts On File,
Inc., 2004. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=FRA0564&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 12, 2011).
Roberts, William J. "Jacobins." France: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, European Nations. New York: Facts On File,
Inc., 2004. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=FRA0874&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 12, 2011).
Roberts, William J. "French Revolution." France: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, European Nations. New York: Facts
On File, Inc., 2004. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=FRA1497&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 11, 2011).
Roberts, William J. "Reign of Terror." France: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, European Nations. New York: Facts On
File, Inc., 2004. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=FRA1732&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 11, 2011).